Questo fascicolo di Ars Interpretandi raccoglie gli interventi tenuti in occasione della Giornata di ermeneutica giuridica sul tema “Fatti e interpretazioni. Una discussione sul nuovo realismo”, svoltasi il 30 novembre 2012 presso l’Università di Padova. Abbiamo pensato di poter dare un nostro contributo autonomo come filosofi del diritto alla discussione sulla rinascita del realismo filosofico chiamando a confrontarsi chi l’ha inaugurata, Maurizio Ferraris, chi è intervenuto su di essa in modo critico ma rigoroso, Emanuele Severino, e chi per la sua autorevolezza sul tema del rapporto epistemologia/ontologia, essere/sapere, Giulio Giorello, è fortemente interessato agli sviluppi di questo dibattito per la filosofia della scienza.
Giuseppe Zaccaria
Introduzione
pp. 7-14
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73636
(Intervento al convegno sul tema “Fatti e interpretazioni. Una discussione sul nuovo realismo”, Padova, 30 novembre 2012)
Maurizio Ferraris
Pensieri sul dinosauro
pp. 15-26
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73637
Keywords: Realism – Correlationalism – Constructivism – Ontology – Epistemology.
In tema di: Il “nuovo realismo”. Gli “antirealisti”; il costruzionismo e la dipendenza causale, la dipendenza concettuale, la dipendenza rappresentazionale. Le debolezze di questi pensieri secondo l’A. Gli interventi di Severino sul realismo.
English Abstract: On account the A.’s reply to recent criticism by Emanuele Severino, in this article the A. wishes to illustrate realism position towards Kant’s transcendental turn (followed in particular by postmodern thinkers), stating that realism is well aware of it but nevertheless rejects it. In a realist perspective the proven existence of ancestral beings (such as dinosaurs) long time before humans implies that reality cannot be regarded as being a product of human thought. The A. will therefore refute the theories assuming the dependency of reality on thought (in a causal, conceptual and representational sense), then the A. will state that anti-realism is twofold problematic: it mixes up ontology with epistemology, on the one hand, and natural objects with social objects, on the other.
Emanuele Severino
Giustizia e verità
pp. 27-38
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73638
Keywords: Fact – Justice – Philosophy – Truth – Legal Positivism.
English Abstract: The legal practice wants to establish the facts to realize justice. However, the theory of justice is based on the philosophy of justice and truth. Moreover contemporary philosophy is fundamentally the negation of the traditional theory of truth. An inevitable denial. On this denial the same inevitable passage from natural law to legal positivism is founded.
Giulio Giorello
Realismo e relativismo
pp. 39-46
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73639
Keywords: Objectivism – Minimal Realism – Constructivism – Common Sense – Relativism.
English Abstract: This contribution discusses Maurizio Ferraris’s argument about a kind of minimal realism emphasizing object’s “resistance” to our attempts of understanding and controlling. Then, the paper shows that this version of realism does not represent an argument against – and in fact is an argument in favour of – some sophisticated forms of relativism such as Feyerabend’s.
Carlo Scilironi
Per un realismo critico
pp. 47-54
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73640
Keywords: New Realism – Critic Realism – Non-Transcendibility – Limiting Concept – Interpretation.
English Abstract: The paper sheds light on the theoretic weakness of the New Realism philosophy through an in-depth analysis of the lack of understanding concerning the non-transcendibility of thought. On the contrary, it proposes a kind of New Realism grounded on Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, that is to say a conception that, proposing the Being as a limiting concept, achieves a new evaluation of the interpretative processes in Socratic terms.
Gian Paolo Terravecchia
Rappresentare il reale. Per il realismo sociale
pp. 55-62
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73641
Keywords: Realism – New Realism – Unamendableness – Resistance – Exceeding Condition.
English Abstract: Wittgenstein gave an important representation of the way in which a theory works: it consists in something as covering a surface with a sufficiently fine square mesh, and then saying of every square whether it is black or white. Any theory is the result of applying a kind of net to a given field, so that different systems of representation use different meshes. This shows that, in principle, realism and constructivism are not incompatible. Realism says that there is something under the net. Constructivism says that the net is constructed. At the same time, the net paradigm shows that it is not true that “anything goes”: given something to be represented, there are kind of meshes that do not allow a good representation. Realism argues that unamendableness, resistance and exceeding condition are criteria to detect troubles in the systems of representation.
Mauro Barberis
La dura realtà dell’interpretazione. Realismo, neorealismo, surrealismo
pp. 63-72
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73642
Keywords: New Realism – Realism – Neorealism – Surrealism – Legal Realism.
English Abstract: New realism is analyzed by distinguishing three meanings of “realism”: realism “stricto sensu”, neorealism and surrealism. “Realism stricto sensu” could signify metaphysical realism, internal realism or, paradoxically, interpretivism, i.e. the very target of new realism. “Neorealism” could be applied to (neo)positivism, political realism and legal realism. “Surrealism”, finally, signifies three philosophical positions rejected by the A.: naive empiricism in legal theory; philosophical imperialism; new realism itself.
Baldassare Pastore
Costruzioni e ricostruzioni. I fatti nel ragionamento giuridico
pp. 73-82
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73643
Keywords: Fact – Law – Social Construction of Reality – Legal Reasoning – Evidence.
English Abstract: Facts exist in a wide array of varieties and they raise a lot of philosophical questions. The relationship between law and fact can be investigated in different perspectives. A statement of fact is any statement in which an event is described as occurred in the domain of the real world. Statements concerning facts are a matter of choice and construction, but above all they can be proven to be true or false. The fact is not meaningful in itself, but only when it is bound up with a set of concepts, epistemological assumptions, linguistic conventions, shared values, general rules of experience, that gives it meaning. We deal with semantic, categorical, social or institutional constructions. Legal reasoning concerns both facts and norms. Their meaning is the result of their entering into a reciprocal correspondence. Reconstruction of facts and interpretation of law cannot be separated. In judicial contexts facts are the point of reference of a procedural machinery concerning evidence. Such facts are selected, determined and verified according to their relevancy in the case. A statement describing a fact is true when and insofar as it has been confirmed by the evidence presented to the court.
Ulfrid Neumann
Sussunzione come decisione di un caso orientata a una regola
pp. 82-100
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73644
Keywords: Subsumption – Rule-Oriented Decision – Rule/Fact Dialectic – Legal Hermeneutics – Legal Rules/Principles.
English Abstract: The paper investigates the concept of “legal subsumption” and is divided in four parts. After pointing out the ambiguity of such expression, it criticizes its traditional meanings since they start from the premise, which is not grounded on the experience, that in the legal decision rules and facts are pre-built. The paper argues for a minimalist conception of “legal subsumption”, understood as legal rule-oriented decision of a fact; indeed, according to such conception, legal rules and facts are dialectically interrelated in decision-making. Nevertheless, a genuine “legal subsumption” can occur only in the application of typical legal rules; in the other cases (legal principles, undetermined legal concepts) one can speak of “subsumption” only in the broad sense of the word.
Recensione
Gianvito Brindisi
Gaetano Carlizzi, Contributi alla storia dell’Ermeneutica Giuridica Contemporanea, La scuola di Pitagora, Napoli 2012
pp. 101-105
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/73645
La centralità che l’interpretazione ha progressivamente assunto nella vita giuridica a partire dal xix e soprattutto dal xx secolo è ormai da tempo riconosciuta nell’ambito della teoria del diritto. Se tale riconoscimento è probabilmente all’origine della comune tendenza a ricondurre sotto la generica locuzione di «ermeneutica giuridica» tutte le concezioni che lo condividono, l’uso di quest’ultima etichetta, pure difficilmente contestabile in linea di principio, si è però rivelato in parte fuorviante. Come ogni altra generalizzazione uniformante, infatti, esso ha concorso a convertire forzatamente in parentele strette quelle che erano delle semplici affinità, enfatizzando un elemento identitario certamente importante, ma a scapito di differenze essenziali.
È da questa premessa che prende spunto Contributi alla storia dell’Ermeneutica Giuridica Contemporanea (EGC), importante lavoro storiografico di Gaetano Carlizzi, volto a far risaltare la specificità di tale movimento di pensiero. Articolato in tre capitoli, il volume è centrato su altrettanti esponenti di punta dell’EGC – Gustav Radbruch, Arthur Kaufmann e Winfried Hassemer –, non senza essere ricco di riferimenti (anche bibliografici) agli altri principali sostenitori del movimento (Engisch, Esser, Hruschka, Kriele, Larenz, Mengoni, Müller, Omaggio, Pastore, Viola, Zaccaria ecc.). Una siffatta scelta – come dichiarato sin nella Prefazione – riflette in primo luogo la linea scolastica che collega i tre filosofi del diritto (nonché penalisti) tedeschi a partire dal caposcuola, Radbruch, ma è soprattutto espressione dell’intento principale del discorso di Carlizzi, che mira a sottoporre al dibattito scientifico la tesi secondo la quale proprio in Radbruch sarebbe da riconoscersi il fondatore dell’EGC.
Tesi, questa, che si oppone alla diffusa tendenza a far risalire la nascita dell’EGC all’influsso esercitato, anche sulla cultura giuridica, dal capolavoro di Gadamer, Verità e metodo, pubblicato ben undici anni dopo la morte di Radbruch.