Il presente fascicolo di Ars Interpretandi mira a rivenire significativi elementi di problematizzazione del concetto di certezza del diritto a tre fondamentali livelli: al livello della concettualizzazione del diritto; al livello della trasformazione interna degli ordinamenti giuridici, attraverso alcune esemplificazioni che riguardano diverse aree del diritto (il diritto privato e il diritto pubblico), ma anche diversi ordinamenti (interno, comunitario e internazionale); al livello dell’emersione di nuovi fenomeni regolativi (diritto transnazionale e soft law).
Riflettere, oggi, intorno alla certezza del diritto significa portare fino in fondo alcune conseguenze cruciali derivanti dalla consapevolezza della complessità del diritto, una complessità che riguarda le fonti (il diritto non è riconducibile alla legge e il suo funzionamento non è spiegabile nel quadro di un – unico – ordinamento giuridico) ma anche il riconoscimento del ruolo che i processi interpretativi e argomentativi hanno nella concretizzazione (non solo nell’applicazione) del diritto. In questo senso, il tema della certezza può costituire un angolo visuale, problematico sì, ma anche estremamente fertile, per la messa a fuoco di rilevanti trasformazioni dei modi in cui il diritto contemporaneo funziona. E questo ancor più in un’ottica che voglia valorizzare il contributo alla comprensione del diritto derivante dall’ermeneutica giuridica, per la quale la certezza da cercare e perseguire non è da intendersi come proprietà delle fonti, già data o da presupporsi come tale, ma come caratteristica da raggiungere attraverso l’impiego del metodo giuridico, nei momenti dell’interpretazione e dell’argomentazione, nella consapevolezza che la certezza è data dal connubio di predittibilità e accettabilità del legame istituito fra norme e loro conseguenze giuridiche.
Elena Pariotti
Introduzione
pp. 7-10
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82122
Jacques Lenoble
Il diritto secondo il modello della «legge della legge». I limiti della teoria del riconoscimento di Axel Honneth e dell’interpretazione antropologica del diritto di Alain Supiot
pp. 11-34
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82123
Keywords: Legal Anthropology – Struggle for Recognition – Anti-formalism – Positivism – Contractualisation of the Law.
English Abstract: The article critically examines two contemporary theoretical proposals, namely those made by Axel Honneth in “Struggle for Recognition” and by Alain Supiot in “Homo Juridicus”, both aiming at dismissing the contemporary formalistic accounts of the law. The article underlines that the two AA. give similar answers to the same question as they share a similar epistemological approach, although they choose different options. While Honneth aims at re-thinking the Hegelian tradition of the “Sittlichkeit” in post-Metaphysical terms, Supiot questions the contemporary contractualisation of the law by highlighting the impossibility of a self-sufficiency of the subjects of the agreement without making reference to some third external instance. Both these positions, although in different ways, do not question the conditions of the realisation of their premises by assuming them as guaranteed at the epistemic level whereas they are pragmatically and therefore cannot be anticipated in purely speculative terms.
Thomas Schultz
Diritto transnazionale senza Stato: quali le cause della resistenza?
pp. 35-54
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82124
Keywords: Legality – Non-state Law – Transnational Law – Epistemology – Interests in Understanding of Law.
Sommario: 1. Introduzione. – 2. La significatività del concetto di “legalità”. – 3. Il diritto come diritto dello stato è una teoria decisamente buona. – 4. I paradigmi sono resistenti al cambiamento. – 5. Regole politiche prudenziali e teorie descrittive. – 6. Resistenza politica assoluta. – 7. Compiacere l’elettorato. – 8. Il ruolo della pratica del diritto come professione. – 9. Interessi generali legittimi. – 10. Anti-intellettualismo. – 11. L’eccesso di qualcosa di positivo.
English Abstract: Law is a concept not represented by anything except our ideas about it. Nothing is intrinsically of a legal nature. Our discourse about law is what makes law “law”. So whence our discourse? Why, specifically, do we tend to resist disassociating law from the state? After emphasising why shaping our understanding of law is a meaningfully inquiry beyond analytical accuracy, this article discusses a few such grounds for our resistance to transnational law without the state: law as state law is actually a fairly good theory; paradigms intrinsically resist change; certain forgotten prudential political rules are now wrongly remembered as analytical precepts; there exists sheer political resistance to the emancipation of powers outside the state; attempts are made by those who shape our understanding of law to please their constituencies; the pursuit by academics of a legal practice interferes with legal thinking; there are vested interests in the current state-centred system; and one may experience a sense of anti-intellectualism in certain areas of the legal academy.
Nicolò Lipari
I civilisti e la certezza del diritto
pp. 55-76
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82125
Keywords: Legal Certainty – Legal Interpretation – Constitutional Principles – Legal Pluralism – Formalism/Anti-formalism.
English Abstract: The paper focuses on some legal processes that have affected the principle of legal certainty in the sphere of private law and have given a new crucial role to interpretation and argumentation. Within the legal orders the interpreter has taken over the legislator as a subject in charge for the warrantee of legal certainty. This undermined the systematic nature of the civil code through a process of slow de-codification. The shift from the abstract rule to the general clauses, from the mechanical application of the law according to the deductive paradigm to the acknowledgment of the importance of the context of application for understanding the norm has contributed to a renovated role of the judicial interpretation. Finally, in face of the changing of the regulatory landscape with the rise and spread of forms of transnational as well as soft law and the consolidation of the Community law, the principle of legal certainty should be conceived without embracing either nihilism or formalism.
Guido Alpa
I principi generali nella cultura giuridica tradizionale e nelle pronunce della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione europea
pp. 77-102
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82126
Keywords: General Principles of Law – Constitutional Principles – Judicial Interpretation – Constitutionalization of Legal Order – Abuse of General Principles of Law.
Sommario: 1. Premessa. – 2. I principi nella giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia: i principi con funzione armonizzante. a) Questioni di diritto processuale. b) Interpretazione. c) Diritto sostanziale. d) Proprietà. e) Persona. f) Diritto all’informazione e repressione dell’aborto. g) Responsabilità civile. – 3. I diritti fondamentali come principi generali di diritto contrattuale. – 4. L’osmosi dei principi: l’applicazione dei principi del diritto comunitario nel diritto interno. – 5. La percezione dei principi nella letteratura recente di diritto privato europeo. – 6. L’abuso dei principi generali.
English Abstract: The paper focuses on the increasing recourse to principles by courts and is meant to provide for a reconstruction of the contexts in which legal principles are applied; the authority which they stem from; the aims they are used for; the meanings they have turned out to be given in the different contexts; and, finally, some results of their application. The analysis underlines how, in practice, principles tend to be used as a tool to address loose rules, values, but also sectorial trends and orientations. The analysis is carried on by looking at multiple levels – Italian domestic courts, the European Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights – and detects the phenomenon of the movement of principles across different legal orders, which is obviously relevant when talking about legal certainty.
Enrico Follieri
Nomofilachia e certezza del diritto, con particolare riferimento al Consiglio di Stato
pp. 103-118
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82127§
Keywords: Binding Precedent – Persuasive Precedent – Uniform Interpretation – Certainty of Law – Cultural Source of Law.
English Abstract: In our Country, three Courts (“Cassazione”, “Consiglio di Stato” and “Corte dei Conti”) are entitled to implement uniform interpretation of law, instead of only one “Supreme Court”. From an abstract point of view, this situation puts at risk the certainty of law. The A. shows why these three Courts can implement uniform interpretation of law without conflicts among them. Then the A. explains how and why recent rules boosted this function, by giving value of binding precedents to the decisions of the leading sections of these Courts (“Sezioni Unite della Cassazione”, “Adunanza Plenaria del Consiglio di Stato”, “Sezioni Riunite della Corte dei Conti”) towards “simple sections” of the same Court (for the “Corte dei Conti” instead the decisions of the “Sezioni Riunite” are binding towards inferior Courts of the same jurisdiction too). The A. draws the nature and elements of the precedent as a cultural source of law and its elements. According to the A., binding precedent is a way to implement certainty of law, but obviously not an absolute certainty.
Erika De Wet, Jure Vidmar
Conflitti tra paradigmi internazionali: gerarchia versus integrazione sistemica
pp. 119-142
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82128
Keywords: Interpretation and International law – Norms Conflicts – Hierarchy and International Legal Order – Human Rights – International Legal Regimes.
English Abstract: The international legal order lacks both a hierarchy of norms and a centralised judicial system for consistent interpretation and resolution of norm conflicts. This article considers the competing paradigms of human right-based hierarchy and systemic integration and analyses case law in order to establish which one dominates judicial practice in norm conflict resolution. The AA. argue that where human rights clash with other international obligations, judicial bodies tend to favour systemic integration, e.g. through harmonious interpretation, above conflict resolution through the acknowledgment of a human rights-based hierarchy. Whereas this reduces the relevance of the formal recognition of a hierarchy of human rights norms, it also opens up the possibility of increased accommodation of human rights within other international legal regimes.
Ferdinando G. Menga
Aporie del potere costituente. Per un percorso genealogico-decostruttivo su un concetto chiave della modernità politica e giuridica
pp. 143-164
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82129
Keywords: Constituent Power – Representation – Democracy – Modernity – Legal Order.
English Abstract: In the wake of the recent reviving of the politic-legal debate on the problematic character of constituent power, this essay seeks to give its contribution in terms of a genealogical-deconstructive investigation. By means of this style of analysis, the intertwinement of a double register of paradoxes or “aporias” will be illustrated as a hermeneutical key capable of re-orienting and re-asserting, under a new light, the major issues concerning such a debate. Pointedly, it will be shown that the paradoxical condition regarding constituent power can be understood, on the one hand, as genuinely deriving from the very contingent and plural character of the instituting space, which is part and parcel of the structural configuration of the modern political paradigm; on the other, as the result of a peculiar interpretive ambiguity which, simultaneously operating within the modern discourse, has constantly complicated and enhanced such a paradox, thereby preventing its linear elucidation and unfolding.
Ulderico Pomarici
Su alcune interpretazioni dell’idea di persona. A partire dal caso “Perruche”
pp. 165-186
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82130
Keywords: Person – Perruche – Cicero – Impersonal – Legal Formalism.
English Abstract: This essay deals with some interpretations of the concept of person in the Italian theoretical discussion. The analysis moves from a paradoxical case, the case “Perruche”, then the concept of Impersonal as critique of the idea of person is questioned. An ancient concept of person taken from Cicero “De officiis” offers rich suggestions to this concept also in Contemporary.
Recensione
Francesca Scamardella
M. Bevir, Democratic Governance, Princeton University Press, Princeton-Oxford 2010
pp. 187-198
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7382/82131